Central bank digital currency (CBDC)
Interest in CBDCs has grown in response to changes in payments, finance and technology, as well as the disruption caused by Covid-19. A 2021 BIS survey of central banks found that 86% are actively researching the potential for CBDCs, 60% were experimenting with the technology and 14% were deploying pilot projects.
In simple terms, a central bank digital currency (CBDC) would be a digital banknote. It could be used by individuals to pay businesses, shops or each other (a "retail CBDC"), or between financial institutions to settle trades in financial markets (a "wholesale CBDC").
Central banks are exploring whether CBDC could help them to achieve their public good objectives, such as safeguarding public trust in money, maintaining price stability and ensuring safe and resilient payment systems and infrastructure.
If successful, CBDCs could ensure that, as economies go digital, the general public would retain access to the safest form of money - a claim on a central bank. This could promote diversity in payment options, make cross-border payments faster and cheaper, increase financial inclusion and possibly facilitate fiscal transfers in times of economic crisis (such as a pandemic).
Digital Financial Instruments and Digital Fiat Currencies Creation
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Off-ledger to on-ledger conversion refers to the process of moving a financial asset or transaction from an off-chain platform to a blockchain. This process is often necessary in order to take advantage of the benefits of using a blockchain, such as increased transparency, security, and immutability.
One common reason for conducting an off-ledger to on-ledger conversion is to enable the use of smart contracts. Smart contracts are self-executing contracts with the terms of the agreement between buyer and seller being directly written into lines of code. These contracts can be automatically enforced and are often used to facilitate, verify, and enforce the negotiation or performance of a contract. However, in order to use smart contracts, the underlying asset or transaction must be on the blockchain.
Another reason for conducting an off-ledger to on-ledger conversion is to increase the transparency and security of a financial asset or transaction. By moving the asset or transaction onto the blockchain, all parties involved can see the entire history of the asset or transaction, making it more difficult to alter or manipulate.
There are a few different ways to conduct an off-ledger to on-ledger conversion, depending on the specific needs of the asset or transaction. One common method is to use a trusted third party, such as a bank or other financial institution, to facilitate the conversion. This third party can act as a bridge between the off-chain platform and the blockchain, verifying and recording the asset or transaction on the blockchain.
Another method is to use atomic swaps, which allow for the exchange of one cryptocurrency for another without the need for a trusted third party. This can be done by creating a smart contract that holds both assets and releases them to the appropriate parties once the terms of the exchange have been met.
Overall, off-ledger to on-ledger conversion is an important process that enables the use of blockchain technology and the benefits it provides. By moving financial assets and transactions onto the blockchain, it is possible to increase transparency, security, and immutability, making them more secure and trustworthy for all parties involved.